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Journal of Health Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 2, 215-224 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1359105307074240
© 2007 SAGE Publications

Critical Review

Nicotine for the Fetus, the Infant and the Adolescent?

K. H. Ginzel

Westhampton, Massachusetts, USA, khginzel{at}yahoo.com

Gert S. Maritz

University of the Western Cape, South Africa

David F. Marks

City University, London, UK

Manfred Neuberger

Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Jim. R. Pauly

University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA

John R. Polito

Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA

Rolf Schulte-Hermann

Medical University of Vienna, Austria

Theodore A. Slotkin

Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA

The recent expansion of Nicotine Replacement Therapy to pregnant women and children ignores the fact that nicotine impairs, disrupts, duplicates and/or interacts with essential physiological functions and is involved in tobacco-related carcinogenesis. The main concerns in the present context are its fetotoxicity and neuroteratogenicity that can cause cognitive, affective and behavioral disorders in children born to mothers exposed to nicotine during pregnancy, and the detrimental effects of nicotine on the growing organism. Hence, the use of nicotine, whose efficacy in treating nicotine addiction is controversial even in adults, must be strictly avoided in pregnancy, breastfeeding, childhood and adolescence.

Key Words: adolescence • carcinogenesis • fetotoxicity • Nicotine Replacement Therapy • pregnancy • teratogenicity


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M. Neuberger
Article skips over weaknesses of nicotine replacement
BMJ, July 21, 2007; 335(7611): 112 - 112.
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